What is the different types of disease and their causes and symptoms of all diseases ?

-: HEALTH AND DISEASE

Health can be defined as "a state of body when all the organs and organ systems are functioning properly in their physiology and a perfect balance is maintained between the environment and the body. " It can also be defined as, "a state of complete physical, mental and social well being" . So health is more than just absence of disease only.

              Disease is the "sickness of the body and the mind" . It is the malfunctioning of the body due to some reasons. So disease can be defined as, "a condition of the body or its parts in which the functions are distributed or deranged" .

-: WHAT CAUSES DISEASE ?

The agent of a disease is a substance or a force which causes disease due to its excessive presence or absence. These agents can be of different types.

1. Biological Agents or Pathogens . Different microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, helminths, etc. are called pathogens.

2. Nutrient Agents . The excessive presence or absence of nutrition like vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, amino acids, fats etc. cause diseases.

3. Chemical Agents . Different chemicals cause diseases.

(a) Endogenous Chemicals . These chemicals are produced by the body. The accumulation of these chemicals like urea, uric acid etc. causes diseases.

(b) Exogenous Chemicals . Pollution causing chemicals, like mercury, sulphuric acid, ozone, lead, cobalt, sulphur, arsenic, iodine, etc. are the major cause of the diseases.

4. Physical Agents . Physical conditions like, heat, cold, humidity, pressure, sound, radiation, electricity cause different diseases.

5. Mechanical Agents . Mechanical pressure or chronic friction cause fracture, dislocations, sprains, and injury.

6. Absence, Insufficiency or Presence in Excess Factor Necessary for Health . Some factors like hormones and enzymes, cause diseases due to their complete absence or in part or by their excessive presence.

-: CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES

Diseases are boardly divided into two categories.

1. CONGENITAL DISEASES

These diseases are present since birth. These may be caused by defective development due to metabolic disorders.

      These diseases are hereditary. They occur due to genetic disorders and development of defective organs. 

(a) Human Genetic Disorders . These are transmitted by genes present in autosomes.

        (i) Disorders Due to Incompatibility of Genes and Blood Groups . The incompatibility of Rh factor causes erythroblastosis.

        (ii) Recessive Inherited Disorders . Disorders like albinism, phenylketonuria etc.  occur due to expression of recessive genes.

        (iii) Dominant Inherited Disorders . Human disorders like dwarfism, polydactyly etc. occur due to some dominant genes.

(b) Sex-linked Disorders in Man . Some diseases like colour blindness, haemophilia, etc. occur due to genes present in the sex chromosomes.

2. ACQUIRED DISEASES

These diseases occur after birth. They can be further classified into two groups.

A. Communicable Diseases 

       These diseases occur due to pathogen or biological agents. They spread rapidly among the human beings. So the society is greatly concerned about these diseases. They can be categorised into several types.

 (i) Viral Diseases . These are caused by different viruses. Some of the viral diseases are chicken pox, measles, poliomyelitis, rabies, influenza, trachoma, encephalitis, AIDS etc. 

(ii) Bacterial Diseases . Diseases like tuberculosis, diphtheria, cholera, whooping cough, tetanus, leprosy, syphilis, gonorrhoea, etc. occur due to different bacteria. 

(iii) Protozoan Diseases . These diseases like amoebiasis, malaria, giardiasis, Kala azar etc. occur due to protozoans. 

(iv) Helminths Diseases . Diseases like, filaria, ascariasis, taeniasis, ancylostomuasis etc. are caused by platyhelminthes and nematodes. 

B. Non-communicable Diseases 

        These diseases are caused by some specific factors. They remain confined to a person and do not spread. These diseases can be classified under the following headings  :

        (i) Degenerative Diseases . Normally heart, lungs and diseases of central nervous system occur due to insufficient growth of organs. 

       (ii) Deficiency Diseases . These occur due to malnutrition. 

       (iii) Allergies . Allergies occur due to hypersensitivity to foreign substances. 

       (iv) Cancer . It occurs due to uncontrolled growth of tissues. 

        (v) Diseases by Agents . These diseases occur due to physical agents like, heat, cold etc. 

        (vi) Diseases by Mechanical Agents . These diseases occur due to mechanical factors like injury, friction etc. 

        (vii) Metabolic Diseases . They occur due to metabolic disorders. 

       (ix) Gene Therapy .  It is the therapeutic treatment to supress the genetic diseases. From amino-centesis nearly 30 genetic disorders can be revealed. So these defective types of foetus can be aborted. 

       (x) Mental disorders .  It includes, depression, anxiety, mental disability etc. 

       (xi) Addiction .  It is due to alcoholism, drug abuse, tobacco etc. 

-: COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

      These diseases are mainly caused by different organisms. They spread in a society. So they are called as communicable or infectious diseases. These diseases spread through food, water, air, touch and blood. Some of these diseases are highly epidemic in nature. Therefore it is of great concern to the society. 

         The communicable diseases can be studied under three aspects. 

1. Parasitology    2. Epidemiology   3. Immunology

PARASITE CAUSING HUMAN DISEASES

 1. MALARIA

 

          Plasmodium vivax or malarial parasite is an intercellular blood parasite of man which causes malaria in human being. 

Treatment -: The treatment of malaria by inoculations or vaccinations is not possible as the parasite does not produce antibodies or antitoxins in human blood. Long back quinine was used as an effective antimalaria drug to kill the schizonts but it had several disadvantages.

 

Prevention -: Malaria can be prevented by adopting following measures  :

(i) Defence against mosquito bites. 

(a) Mosquito net should be used especially during night. 

(b) House should be constructed on dry high ground away from marshy places having good drainage system. 

(c) Anti-mosquito Cream (e.g.  Odomus) mosquito repellants, mustard oil, dimethyl carbamate should be applied over exposed parts. 

2. FILARIASIS

SYMPTOMS OF FILARIA

        The adult worms obstructs the lymph vessels and cause some information. This causes increased amount of protein to enter the area and excessive growth of connective tissue. These cause enlargement of arms, legs, scrotum, epididymis etc. Extreme enlargement of legs is known as elephantiasis (fig.5(A).8.). The patient suffers from periodic fever associated with headache and mental depression. 

TREATMENT 

          To destroy the microfilariae an antimony compound 'Neostibosan' is used as an effective drug. Arsenamide is also used. The arsenamides are given intravenously. 

PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES

      1. To control the mosquito population mosquito breeding grounds should be destroyed. This is achieved by spraying D.D.T., Gammaxene etc. , clearing the unwanted bushes from the surroundings, spreading oil or kerosene in drain, swamps etc. 

      2. At the time of sleeping mosquito net should be used. 

     3. Mosquitoes can be prevented from biting by use of mosquito repellents, lotions etc. 

     4. By taking heyerazan drug filariasis can be prevented. 

3. ASCARIASIS

Signs and symptoms 

        All larval stages travel through the body, they may cause visceral damage, peritonitis and inflammation, enlargement of the liver or spleen, and a verminous pneumonitis. The worms in the intestine may cause malabsorption and anorexia which contribute to malnutrition. The malabsorption may be due to a loss of brush border enzymes, erosion and flattening of the villi, and inflammation of the lamina propria. The worms can occasionally cause intestinal blockage when large numbers get tangled into a bolus or they may migrate from the small intestine and block the bile duct or the pancreatic duct, all of which may require surgery. 

Prevention 

        Prevention includes : use of toilet facilities; safe excreta disposal; protection of food from dirt and soil; through washing of produce; and hard washing. 

       Food dropped on the floor should never be eaten without washing or cooking, perticularly in endemic areas. Fruits and vegetables should always be washed thoroughly before consumption. 

4. TYPHOID

Signs and symptoms

        Classically, the untreated typhoid fever can be divided into four individual stages, each one lasting approximately one week. In the first week, the temperature rises slowly and fever fluctuations are seen with relative bradycardia, malaise, headache, and cough. A bloody nose is seen in a quarter of cases and abdominal pain is also possible. There is leukopenia, with eosinopenia and relative lymphocytosis, a positive reaction and blood cultures are positive for Salmonella typhi or paratyphi . The classic Widal test is negative in the first week. 

 Treatment 

   Where resistance is uncommon the treatment of choice is a fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin otherwise, a third-generation cephalosporin such as ceftriaxone or cefotaxime is the first choice. 

      Typhoid fever in most cases in not fatal. Antibiotics, such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin have been commonly used to treat typhoid fever. 

         When untreated, typhoid fever persists for three weeks to a month. Death occurs in between 10% and 30% of untreated cases. 

5. PENUMONIA

Signs and symptoms

        People with infectious pnumonia often have a productive cough, fever, accompanied by shaking chills, shortness of breath, sharp or stabbing chest pain during deep breaths, and an increased respiratory rate. More severe signs and symptoms may include: decreased thirst, convulsions, persistent vomiting, or a decreased level of consciousness. 

Prevention

      Prevention includes vaccination, environmental measures and appropriately treating the disease. 

Vaccination . Vaccination is effective for preventing certain bacterial and viral pnemoniad in both children and adults. 

6. COMMON COLD

Symptoms . Symptoms of the common cold usually begin 2 to 3 days after infection and often include :

Sore throat

Mucus buildup in the nose

Difficulty breathing through nose

Swelling of sinuses

Sneezing

Cough

Headache

Tiredness

Treatment . There is no cure of the common cold, but you can get relief from your cold symptoms by

1.Resting in bed

2.Drinking plenty of fluids

3.Gragling with warm salt water or using throat sprays, or lozenges for a scratchy or sore throat. 

4. Using a decongestant or saline nasal spray to help relieve nasal symptoms

5. Using petrolium jelly to soothe a raw nose

7. AMOEBIASIS

    Treatment

           The common drugs used for treating amoebiasis are Emetin, Enteroquinol, Enterovioform, Mexaform, Gramoneg, etc. Sometimes the parasite enters the liver through circulation and causes liver abscess. In that case chloriquin is used as an effective drug. 

8. RINGWORM

Symptoms

          Symptoms of ringworm include : 

1. Itchy, red, raised, scaly patches that may blister and ooze. 

2. The patches tend to have sharply-defined edges. 

3. Red patches are often redder around the outside with normal skin tone in the center. This may look like a ring. 

Ringworm affects hair and may cause bald patches. If ringwom affects the nails, they will become discoloured, thick, and even crumble. 

Treatment

      To take care for ringworm : 

1. Keep the skin clean and dry. 

2. Apply over-the-counter antifungal or drying powders, lotions, or creams contain miconaxole, clotrimazole, or similar ingredients. 

3. Don't wear clothing that rubs against and irritates the area. 

9. CANCER

Primary symptoms of Cancer

        1. Presence of any persistent lump or thickening of tissues in lip, tongue or breast. 

        2. Any wound that doesn't heal. 

       3. Unusual bleeding or discharge of blood. 

       4. Persistent indigestion, difficulty in swallowing. 

       5. A regular change in bowel movements. 

      6.  Rapid change in rate of growth, colour and form of mole or eart. 

       7. Change in the voice. 

8. Unusual loss of weight of the body. 

How Cancer Spread ?

        Cancer spreads inside the body rapidly and infects other organs, called metastasis .

(i) Cancer cells grow through the walls of body vessels. 

(ii) Cancer cells are carried by the blood stream to other parts of the body. 

(iii) Cancer cells pass through lymphatic vessels and lymph glands. 

(iv) Cancer cells spread from tissues to tissues.

Treatment 

(i) Surgery

(ii) Radiotherapy

(iii) Chemotherapy

(iv) Immunotherapy

Sometimes all these three methods are applied to cure cancer.  

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