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What are aromatic hydrocarbons ?

 INTRODUCTION            Aromatic compounds are regarded as the class of organic compounds which resemble benzene in their chemical characteristics. Many of the aromatic compounds posses fragment odour 'aroma'  . In fact the term aromatic is somehow associated with chemical stability. The stable character of aromatic compound is attributed to the presence of a ring structure specific of benzene. All aromatic compounds generally contain one or more benzene rings in their molecules. As naphthalene, anthracene, etc. are also aromatic compounds, those are often called arenes and benzene and its derivatives are called Benzenoids . There are a number of cyclic compounds which do not contain a benzene ring but are still aromatic in nature. Such compounds are called non-benzenoids. Like the aliphatic compounds, aromatic compounds also include hydrocarbons, hydroxy compounds, aldehydes, ketones, acids etc.  Nomenclature of Aromatic compounds -: here ?...

What is Wave Optics ? Wave Optics notes, definition, introduction etc.

Wave Optics -: Learning objectives   -: Electromagnetic waves, Plane waves.    -: Velocity of electromagnetic waves.    -: Properties of electromagnetic waves.    -: Hertz experiment.    -: Electromagnetic spectrum.    -: Huygen's wave theory, Huygen's principle, explanation of reflection and refraction.     -: Interference, Young's double slit experiment, Lloyd's single mirror, Fresnel's bi-prism experiment.  1. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES James Clerk Maxwell, one of the pioneers in the field of electromagnetic waves, gave his theory of electromagnetic waves in 1865. An electromagnetic wave is composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields which oscillate in manually perpendicular planes. These two planes, besides being perpendicular to each other, are also perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. Using his equations, called Maxwell's equations , he derived the formula for speed of electromagne...

What is gravity?

 Gravity : Gravity is such a thing that any two object that possesses the object attracts one another.  It is not just a master limited but an energy gets attracted by gravity.  We will discuss about that energy later.  But before that, if you look around, there is gravity everywhere.  This means Gravity affects everywhere.  The biggest proof of gravity is that how we stand on earth is just from your feet and apart from this, if you look in the solar system, how the sun centers of the solar system and all planets on its side keep revolving.  Introduction : Ask anybody around you this simple question : "what is gravity ?" And what you did probably hear is "it's something that pulls objects towards the earth" or "it's a force exerted by the earth to pulls towards it". Now before I get to the basics of the gravitation, there is one thing I want to you understand well. Rather there's one thing I want to you forget ! Forget the fact that gravity has...